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Design and Implementation of IoT Based Smart Meter
Design and Implementation of IoT Based Smart Meter

Abstract:

Modern day smart grid technology relies heavily on communication networks for two-way communication between load, generation, transmission, and control centre. As part of the smart grid, smart meters use advanced metering infrastructures (AMI) that are widely distributed and interconnected to the communication network. Such integrated infrastructure has made the power network easy to diagnose and control. But unfortunately, this has made power system networks vulnerable to various forms cyber-attacks that have caused major concerns to power researchers in recent times. As a first step towards such cyber-attack related researches and searching for possible mitigation techniques, it is necessary that a smart meter be developed that has the feature of network integration. The present contribution reports the design, and operation of an Internet of Things (IoT) based smart meter using Node MCU to serve as an integral part of a smart grid system.

Introduction:

In traditional power grids, the load and control centers are isolated from each other both physically as well as in terms of visibility. In recent days, Smart Grid uses the real time measuring data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Distribution System Operator (DSO). Ensuring such smart grid to be ‘secure’ involves less possibility of power grid collapse or equipment malfunction. Therefore, to protect this critical power system infrastructure and to ensure a reliable and an uninterrupted power supply to the end users, smart grid security issues is gaining substantial importance in recent times. Weaknesses in cyber security can also threaten the physical security of the power systems due to the deep integration of the physical and cyber systems. An integral part of the smart grid technology is the smart energy meter. The so called smart meters are expected to read and record energy consumption data and communicate it with the control center. In addition to recording energy readings, these meters are also capable of recording other related information such a power factor, active, reactive, and apparent power, harmonics, power outages etc. There are various researches that are going on and various techniques that are available for measuring the energy use of domestic loads and to report this data over the network.

 In, the smart energy meter has been used along with GSM and IoT making the system bulky and expensive one. Especially when the cost of sending messages is far more than that of sending data via internet. The Blynk app they have used for connecting iOs and Node MCU to Node MCU is only able to provide information about kWh consumption. To get the voltage and current ratings they had to use other devices that increased complexity. Authors in demonstrated an IOT based energy meter using ARM Cortex M4 with Android application. The design lacked flexibility in terms of billing system in addition to being physically bulky and, costly too. In, authors have used the energy meter blinking LED to get the required readings which lead to lack of information since only kWh readings could be obtained. That narrowed its field application. Use of PIC microcontroller along with GSM module made the whole smart meter design costly. Not only that, the PIC microcontroller has lower features as compared to node MCU in every aspect. Authors in suggested the use of relay as one of the operating components for remote disconnection of supply. However, the use of Raspberry Pi made the system costlier. The present contribution reports the design, fabrication and implementation of a smart energy meter, which utilizes the features of embedded systems. ESP8266 microcontroller with Wi-Fi modem (Node MCU) has been used to introduce ‘Smart’ feature in a traditional domestic energy meter. The IoT based smart energy meter developed in this work enables the electricity supply authority to read the meter regularly without physically visiting each house. This has been achieved by the use of Node MCU unit that continuously monitor and records the energy meter reading in its memory. With the use of Wi-Fi modem, the meter is made to communicate with the internet making the system a part of IoT. Using this smart energy meter, the consumer as well as service provider will be able to view and read get the used energy pattern along with the respective amount. The meter is able to record and send voltage, current, energy, power, and power factor. All these parameters are visible in both webpage and Android mobile app. Through such detailed record of events, the service provider can keep track of the energy consumption pattern enabling better and efficient load forecasting and management. On the other hand, the billing system will become more transparent to the consumer.

 

 

 

 

Methodology and block diagram

          The smart meter mainly consist transmitter side and the receiver side.

In the transmitter side the node MC input pins were used to collect the line current and line voltage data after being stepped down by CT and PT respectively. The CT that we used was of rating 5A/5mA. The PT we used was of rating 230V/10V. Output current of the CT was made to flow through a fixed value burden of 33. Output of the PT was given to a 10k:1k resistive potential divider circuit. After scaling down the input voltage and current, DC offset of suitable value is added to those signals so that they can be brought within the measurable range of 0-5 V in the Node MCU. Calculated values of power, energy, active and reactive powers, and power factor were locally displayed on the 16x2 LCD and also were updated at regular intervals. The WiFi module ESP8266-01 was connected to the router for internet access. Once the internet access is secured, the module could successfully send all relevant data to the IoT platform. Assembled view of the hardware components of the developed smart energy meter is shown in Fig.  The samples once collected need to undergo a sequence of mathematical processing involving a set of operations with discrete-time signals, for computation of power, energy, power factor. The relevant information will be displayed in the 16X 2 LCD

 At the receiver side we have Node MCU which is used to get the information from the transmitter side using the Wi-Fi module in then Node MCU then the information received will be displayed on the LCD.

Hardware Requirements:

 

1.     Node MCU (ESP8266):

NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. The term "NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson and SPIFFS.

A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit) is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit chip. In modern terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip (SoC); an SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAMNOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. In the context of the internet of things, microcontrollers are an economical and popular means of data collectionsensing and actuating the physical world as edge devices.

Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (single-digit milliwatts or microwatts). They generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.

2.     Current sensor:

current sensor is a device that detects electric current in a wire, and generates a signal proportional to that current. ... The generated signal can be then used to display the measured current in an ammeter, or can be stored for further analysis in a data acquisition system, or can be used for the purpose of control

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